Bottle and how its made

Bottles since prehistoric times containers which first molded clay became glass and plastics. With improved material bottles became usable since then.

History of French Language

French, like its romantic counterparts Spanish and Italian, has its roots in Latin. It evolved gradually into its own language and became internationally influential.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, like the rest of Europe, France's language and culture were heavily dominated by the presence of the Catholic church. Latin was not only considered the language of communication within the Church, but it was also exclusively used within the sciences and philosophy. Latin was the language of educated individuals. Like all other romance languages, Latin words were adopted into French and contributed strongly to the evolution of the language.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, French began to emerge as a language of its own. The French of this period, called "françois," was beginning to be used more widely in place of Latin for official purposes. This lingua gallica began to compete with Latin and eventually overpowered the previously dominant language as the language of choice for administrative purposes. More and more documents began to be translated into "françois" and it was in this way that French began to evolve into its own language, separately spoken yet still similarly written to Latin.

As early as the 13th century, "françois" was already used and taught in England. French came to be considered a desired knowledge and it was sophisticated to have a knowledge of French in one's education. French was considered polite and was associated with high society. By the middle of the 14th century, French was the most widely spoken language in Europe, and one can consider this influence as the earliest beginnings of French as a diplomatic language. As a result of the Hundred Years' War, French was rejected by England, replaced by a nationalistic view that only English should be used for official affairs. However, French continued to be used despite the intentions to ban it from judiciary practices.

In 1539, François the First (François 1er) passed an important ordinance in the history of the French language: The Villers-Cotterêts Ordinance decreed that all French administrative documents must be in French. This ordinance was a crucial turning point in the French language, making it an official language and creating a sense of nationalism within the country. From 1550 onward through the 19th century, when France was the leading European power, the French language flourished and began to be spoken throughout the world. For this reason, French became known as a language of diplomacy and international relations in the 17th century. French has endeavored to maintain its place as the diplomatic language of the world, but other languages, namely English have quickly gained importance in diplomatic matters. The French Academy fought in the 20th century to keep French as the international language of diplomacy, but in present-day French has been replaced by English as the international language of communication. However, French, along with English, continues to play an important role as the language of international institutions

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Moment of truth by FM-static

Here we are, in the best years of our lives.
With no way of knowing,
When the wheel stop spinning cause we don't
Know where we're going
And here we are, on the best day of our lives.
And it's a go, lets make it last, so cheers you
All to that, 'cause this moment's never comin' back

I used to know her brother, but I never
Knew I loved her, 'till the day she laid her eyes on me.
Now I'm jumpin' up and down,
She's the only one around, and she means
Every little thing to me.

I've got your picture in my wallet, and your
Phone number to call it, and I miss you more,
Whenever I think about you,. I've got
Your mixed tape in my Walkman, been so
Long since we've been talkin' and in a few
More days, we'll both hook up, forever and ever

And here I am, on the west coast of
America and I've been tryin' to think for weeks of
All the ways to ask you, And now
I've brought you to the place, Where I've
Poured my heart out, a million times, for a million
Reasons, To offer it to you

I used to know her brother, but I never
Knew I loved her, 'till the day she laid her
Eyes on me. Now I'm jumpin' up and down,
She's the only one around, and she means
Every little thing to me

I've got your picture in my wallet, and your
Phone number to call it, and I miss you more,
Whenever I think about you,. I've got
Your mixed tape in my Walkman, been so
Long since we've been talkin' and in a few
More days, we'll both hook up, forever and ever

I used to know her brother, but I never
Knew I loved her, 'till the day she laid her
Eyes on me. Now I'm jumpin' up and down,
She's the only one around, and she means
Every little thing to me

I've got your picture in my wallet, and your
Phone number to call it, and I miss you more,
Whenever I think about you,. I've got
Your mixed tape in my Walkman, been so
Long since we've been talkin' and in a few
More days, we'll both hook up, forever and ever

Volleyball

On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts ( USA ), William G Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.

The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a 25×50 ft² (7.6×15.2 m²) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents’ court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball").

The game is played on a volleyball court 18 meters long and 9 meters wide, divided into two 9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter wide net placed so that the top of the net is 2.43 meters above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 meters for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior competitions). There is a line 3 meters from and parallel to the net in each team court which is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or 10 foot) line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas (also back court and front court).

After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player from area "1" moving to area "6". The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball. All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.

Each team consists of six players. To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from the serving team (generally accepted to have the advantage inplay) throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve). The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on offense.

The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net in order to block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.

When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set (if necessary) is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25. Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as rally point system), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly. Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.

Serve, serving or service is when a player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent.