what is Cerebrovascular accident

Cerebrovascular

(CVA), also known as a stroke, is an acute neurologic injury whereby the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a clot in the artery or if the artery bursts. The result is that the part of the brain perfused by that artery no longer can receive oxygen carried by the blood and it dies (becomes necrotic) with cessation of function from that part of the brain. In addition to tissue death, hemorrhages also cause damage from physical impingement of blood on the brain tissue. Stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurologic damage or even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated. It is the third leading cause of death and adult disability in the US and industrialized European nations.

Risk factors
Risk factors include advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of stroke depend on the type of stroke and the area of the brain affected. Ischemic strokes usually only affect regional areas of the brain perfused by the blocked artery. Hemorrhagic strokes can affect local areas, but often can also cause more global symptoms due to bleeding and increased intracranial pressure.

Treatment
Early assessment
It is important to identify a stroke as early as possible because patients who are treated earlier are more likely to survive and have better recoveries.
If a patient is suspected of having a stroke, emergency services should be contacted immediately. The patient should be transported to the nearest hospital that can provide a rapid evaluation and treatment with the latest available therapies targeted to the type of stroke. The faster these therapies are started for hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, the chances for recovery from each type improves greatly. Quick decisions about medication and the need for surgery have been shown to improve outcome.
Only detailed physical examination and medical imaging provide information on the presence, type, and extent of stroke.
Studies show that patients treated in hospitals with a dedicated Stroke Team or Stroke Unit and a specialized care program for stroke patients have improved odds of recovery.

Pathophysiology

The ductus arteriosus is part of the normal fetal circulatory system. This vessel connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Prior to birth the ductus arteriosus allows for antegrade flow from the right ventricle to the aorta. Following birth the ductus arteriosus normally closes. If the ductus remains open, blood will shunt from the aorta into the pulmonary artery due to the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. The amount of left-to-right shunting depends upon the size of the PDA and the relative resistances of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Left-to-right shunting of blood caused by patency of the ductus arteriosus results in increased pulmonary artery blood flow as well as left atrial and left ventricular overload. Extensive aortic runoff, with low aortic diastolic pressure secondary to a large patent ductus arteriosus can result in systemic organ hypoperfusion. Pulmonary vascular obstructive disease may occur, sometimes as early as one year of life.

In very rare instances, usually in the presence of other complex cardiovascular anomalies, there is a bilateral DA. In the typical left aortic arch, the aortic end of the DA arises distal to the left subclavian artery and the pulmonary end inserts at the junction of the main and left pulmonary arteries.

Bottle and how its made

Bottles since prehistoric times containers which first molded clay became glass and plastics. With improved material bottles became usable since then.

History of French Language

French, like its romantic counterparts Spanish and Italian, has its roots in Latin. It evolved gradually into its own language and became internationally influential.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, like the rest of Europe, France's language and culture were heavily dominated by the presence of the Catholic church. Latin was not only considered the language of communication within the Church, but it was also exclusively used within the sciences and philosophy. Latin was the language of educated individuals. Like all other romance languages, Latin words were adopted into French and contributed strongly to the evolution of the language.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, French began to emerge as a language of its own. The French of this period, called "françois," was beginning to be used more widely in place of Latin for official purposes. This lingua gallica began to compete with Latin and eventually overpowered the previously dominant language as the language of choice for administrative purposes. More and more documents began to be translated into "françois" and it was in this way that French began to evolve into its own language, separately spoken yet still similarly written to Latin.

As early as the 13th century, "françois" was already used and taught in England. French came to be considered a desired knowledge and it was sophisticated to have a knowledge of French in one's education. French was considered polite and was associated with high society. By the middle of the 14th century, French was the most widely spoken language in Europe, and one can consider this influence as the earliest beginnings of French as a diplomatic language. As a result of the Hundred Years' War, French was rejected by England, replaced by a nationalistic view that only English should be used for official affairs. However, French continued to be used despite the intentions to ban it from judiciary practices.

In 1539, François the First (François 1er) passed an important ordinance in the history of the French language: The Villers-Cotterêts Ordinance decreed that all French administrative documents must be in French. This ordinance was a crucial turning point in the French language, making it an official language and creating a sense of nationalism within the country. From 1550 onward through the 19th century, when France was the leading European power, the French language flourished and began to be spoken throughout the world. For this reason, French became known as a language of diplomacy and international relations in the 17th century. French has endeavored to maintain its place as the diplomatic language of the world, but other languages, namely English have quickly gained importance in diplomatic matters. The French Academy fought in the 20th century to keep French as the international language of diplomacy, but in present-day French has been replaced by English as the international language of communication. However, French, along with English, continues to play an important role as the language of international institutions

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